توضیحات

DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF THE WRITTEN ELECTORAL MATERIALS

ABSTRACT

          The term discourse analysis has come to be used with a wide range

of meaning which cover a wide range of activities. There are many existing approaches to the study of language. One of them

which this study is based upon, is critical discourse analysis (CDA). This

approach grew out of work in different disciplines in the 1960s and early 1970s, including linguistics, semiotics, psychology, anthropology

and sociology. CDA analyses social interactions in a way which focuses upon their linguistic elements, and which sets out to show up their

generally hidden determinants in the system of social relationships,

as well as hidden effects they may have upon that system. Since CDA is not a specific direction of research, it does not have a unitary theoretical framework. Therefore, in this research project, in order to

overcome the potential weaknesses of any single method, a critical linguistic analysis will be adopted from some of the most influential

linguists in the field to analyse the formal linguistic features of the written electoral materials from the 7^th presidential election in Iran, to

explain discourse structures in terms of properties of social interaction and especially social structure, and to focus on the ways discourse structures enact, conform, legitimate, reproduce or challenge relations of power and ideology in society.

۱۵۰ صفحه فایل ورد (Word) فونت ۱۴ منابع دارد  

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AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

1. To help correct a widespread underestimation of the significance of
2. language in the production, maintenance, and change of social relations of power in Iran.
3. To refer to the order of discourse of the society as a whole, which structures the orders of discourse of the various social institutions
5. in a particular way.
6. To show that orders of discourse are ideologically harmonized
7. internally or (at the societal level) with each other.
8. To stress both the determination of discourse by social structure, and the effects of discourse upon society through its reproduction of social structures.
9. To examine the relationship between discourse and sociocultural change.

So this research project aims to answer the following questions:

1. What were the formal textual features of the conservatives’ and reformists’ discourses at the 7^th presidential election?
2. How did their discourses and strategies change and why?
4. What were the ideologies behind the discourse of each group?
5. What was the relationship between language of each party and power?

SOURCES AND METHODOLOGY

There are many existing approaches to the study of language (e.g.

linguistics, sociolinguistics, pragmatics, cognitive psychology, etc.) but while each of them has something to contribute to critical language study, they all have major limitations from a critical point of view.

DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF THE WRITTEN ELECTORAL MATERIALS

The critical discourse analysis upon which this study is based, does

not adhere to any particular approach. It is similar to a qualitative research method in that it deals with non-numerical data and can only be validated by other researchers examining the same data.

However, its similarity can only be detected to a certain point

because a qualitative research method is either synthetic or holistic, whereas

critical linguistics is analytic in nature.  A qualitative method on

content analysis is rejected on the grounds of its inability to get beneath the

textual surface where the crucial meanings lie.  So in this research

a critical linguistic analysis will be adopted from some of the most

influential linguists in the field (in order to overcome the potential weaknesses of any single method) including Fairclaough (1989, 1992, 1995), Fowler ……………

(۱۹۹۱) and van Dijk (1981, 1985) to :

CHAPTER THREE

CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS : A FRAMEWORK

       CDA in all of its various forms understands itself to be strongly based in theory. To which theories do the different methods refer? Here we find a wide variety of theories, ranging from microsociological

perspectives (Ron Scollon) to theories on society and power in Foucault’s

tradition (Jager, Fairclough, Wodak), theories of social cognition (van Dijk and Chilton) and grammar, as well as individual concepts that are

borrowed from larger theoretical traditions. As a first step, this chapter aims to systematize these different theoretical influences.

       A second step relates to the problem of operationalizing theoretical

concepts. The primary issue here is how the various methods of CDA are able to translate their theoretical claims into instruments and methods of analysis. In particular, the emphasis is on the mediation

DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF THE WRITTEN ELECTORAL MATERIALS

between grand theories as applied to society at large and concrete instances of social interaction, the foci of analysis for CDA. As far as methodology is concerned, there are several perspectives within CDA:

in addition to those which can be described primarily as variations from hermeneutics, one finds interpretative perspectives with various emphases, among them even quantitative procedures.

       In empirical social research a distinction can be made between elicitation and evaluation methods: between ways of collecting data (in

the laboratory or by fieldwork) and procedures that have been developed

for the analysis of collected data. Methodical procedures for the

DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF THE WRITTEN ELECTORAL MATERIALS

collection of data organize observation, while evaluation methods regulate the transformation of data into information and further restrict

the opportunities for inference and interpretation. The distinction between these two tasks of data collection and analysis does not

necessarily mean that there are two separate steps: CDA sees itself more in the tradition of Grounded Theory (Glaser and Strauss 1967), where data collection is not a phase that must be finished before analysis starts but might be a permanently ongoing procedure (Meyer 2001: 18).

       This connection between theory and discourse can be described in terms of the model for theoretical and methodological research procedures that is illustrated in figure 3.1.

Fig. 3.1. Empirical research as a circular process (from Meyer 2001: 19)

۳٫۱٫ Theoretical grounding:

Among the different positions within CDA presented in this section,

theoretical components of very different origins have been adopted.

Moreover there is no guiding theoretical viewpoint that is used consistently

within CDA, nor do the CDA protagonists proceed consistently

from the area of theory to the field of discourse and then back to theory.

            Within the CDA approaches presented here the reader may find all t…………………..

………………..

Chapter 4

A Critical discourse analysis

of the election campaigns texts and

the development of the May 23 event

This chapter is focused on the analysis

of the Islamic Republic Of Iran (IRI) 7^th presidential election campaigns texts by combining the

critical discourse analysis methods discussed in the previous

chapters in light of Fairclough’s model (1989) at the three stages of ‘Description’, ‘Interpretation’, and ‘Explanation’. The Description stage deals with the linguistic features of the texts at semantic and

DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF THE WRITTEN ELECTORAL MATERIALS

syntactic levels. The Interpretation stage, which is wider in scope, is concerned with the situational and intertextual contexts seeking the

common discourse in the speech event to which the given text belongs.  Finally, the Explanation stage focuses on the power relations behind the discourses, the way the social structures restrict the discourse, and the mutual effect of the discourses on the social structures and power relations.

۴٫۱ Description

Description is the stage at which the critical analyst studies the

formal properties and linguistic features of the language at semantic and syntactic levels taking into consideration the experiential, relational, and expressive values. In effect, this stage has to do with the social

DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF THE WRITTEN ELECTORAL MATERIALS

identities that are developed by the analyst. Nevertheless, as the

speech texts are generally very lengthy, it is very difficult,

if not impossible, to do a sentence-by-sentence linguistic analysis. Therefore, the discourse analysis in this study will be concerned with the overall text coherence as a result of word choice.

To begin with, the 7^th presidential election campaigns of Iran will be reconstructed as follows. …………………

………………

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